Efecto de microondas en minerales preg-robbing: revisión sistemática PRISMA-2020, desafíos y oportunidades
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65093/aci.v16.n1.2025.25Palabras clave:
procesamiento por microondas, preg-robbing, menas auríferas doblemente refractarias, propiedades dieléctricaResumen
Esta revisión sistemática PRISMA-2020 evalúa la irradiación de microondas como pretratamiento para minerales carbonosos preg-robbing y minerales de oro doblemente refractarios. La búsqueda abarcó el período 2000–2025 (publicaciones Scopus y WoS) con filtro en los cuartiles Q1/Q2 (SJR/JCR), que produjeron tres estudios elegibles después de la deduplicación y la revisión de texto completo. La evidencia cuantitativa muestra que el pretratamiento de microondas, en particular la tostación indirecta con susceptores, elimina hasta el 94% del carbono orgánico, suprime el preg-robbing y permite recuperaciones de oro superiores al 98%. Un metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios (Hedges g) indica un gran efecto combinado (g = 2,26; IC del 95%: 0,66–3,85; I2 = 0%). Mecanísticamente, el acoplamiento selectivo produce gradientes térmicos internos, microfisuras y oxidación/pasivación de la materia carbonosa, la eficiencia se rige por la permitividad compleja y la tangente de pérdidas, que presentan máximos dependientes de la temperatura. Persisten lagunas metodológicas —falta de replicación, trazabilidad energética limitada y ausencia de un índice estandarizado de preg-robbing— que dificultan la generalización y el escalamiento. Se proponen directrices de diseño y prioridades de investigación que integran la caracterización dieléctrica, el control de la microestructura y protocolos de lixiviación estandarizados para traducir el rendimiento de laboratorio en una práctica industrial fiable.
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