Ergodic distances and chaotic mixing approaches for heap leaching systems

Abstract

This study explores the application of ergodic distances and the use of chaotic mixing in heap leaching, focusing on the dynamics of strongly mixing systems where Koopman approximations may exhibit spurious eigenvalues. A simplified solute flow model in a porous medium is introduced, employing hybrid methods (Generalized Laplace Analysis and Krylov subspaces) to reveal poor percolation regions and enhance mineral recovery. Through numerical exploration and experimental data, we confirm that a chaotic-ergodic flow promotes effective mixing, while the hybrid approach mitigates spectral pollution and extracts coherent modes. These findings pave the way for improved leaching control, suggesting targeted interventions and increased metal extraction in industrial heap operations.