Multiwavelength Raman Spectroscopy for the Evaluation of Lime Saturation in Cement Raw Mix as a Function of Clay Content
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65093/aci.v17.n1.2026.49Keywords:
clay, lime saturation, cement raw mix, Raman spectroscopy, Raman spectraAbstract
In this work we analyze the lime saturation module for different clay settings of raw material after raw grinding process by means of a multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy study, at excitation wavelengths of 450, 532, 633 and 780 nm. The data reveal that independently of the wavelength used, the results of the Raman shifts can be used to calculate the setpoint for controlling the alumina in the raw mix that needs to be adjusted to have the lime saturation within quality parameters, with a minimum variation compared with other techniques such as XRF and XRD, thus ensuring that the Clinker phases are formed under quality standards. The intensity ratios of Raman spectra were used to calculate LS values which were close to those obtained with the XRF technique. Therefore, this measurement approach can be used successfully as an effective and alternative non-destructive method to determine the LS of cement raw mix.
Downloads
References
Bond, J.E., Coursaux, R. & Worthington, R.L. (2000). Blending systems and control technologies for cement raw materials. IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., 6 (6), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1109/2943.877840
Borromeo, L., Egeland, N., Minde, M.W., Zimmermann, U., Ando, S. Madland, M.V., et al. (2018). Quick, Easy, and Economic Mineralogical Studies of Flooded Chalk for EOR Experiments Using Raman Spectroscopy. Minerals, 8 (6), 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8060221
Cuéllar, A., Mesa, F.A., Vargas, C. & Perilla, J.E. (2010). Arcillas modificadas caracterizadas por micro-Raman y difracción de rayos X. Dyna, 77 (164), 39–44.
Duda, W.H. (1985). Cement data book, Vol 1, International Process Engineering in the cement industry, third edition. Bauverlag Berlin.
Fan, J., Xu, J. & Wang, Ch. (2020), Overview of Industrial Materials Detection Based on Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis Technology. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 8 (3), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2020.83030
Fernandez Paris, J.M. (1967). Dosificación de crudos de cemento Portland mediante el módulo de cal. Mater. Construcción, 17 (125), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.1967.v17.i125.1665
Hewlett, P.C. (2004). Lea" s Chemistry of Cement, fourth ed. Butterworth-Heinemen, Oxford, England.
Kloprogge, J.T. (2017). Raman Spectroscopies of Clay Minerals, 1st ed., vol. 8. Elsevier Ltd. pp.150-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100355-8.00006-0
Król, M., Koleżyński, A., Florek, P., Jeleń, P., Kozień, D. & Mozgawa, W (2022). Full spectroscopic characterization of clinker minerals (anhydrous cement). Journal of Molecular Structure, 255, 132454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132454
Lalla, E.A., López-Reyes, G., Sansano, A., Sanz-Arranz, A., Schmanke, D., Klingelhöfer, G., et al. (2015). Estudio espectroscópico y DRX de afloramientos terrestres volcánicos en la isla de Tenerife como posibles análogos de la geología marciana. Estudios Geológicos, 71 (2), e035. https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.41927.354
Mañosa, J., Torres-Carrasco, M., Córdoba, C., Maldonado-Alameda, A. & Chimenos, J.M. (2024). In-situ characterisation of early hydration of low-carbon cements containing thermally and mechanically activated kaolin. Construction and Building Materials, 457, 139469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139469
Ma, X., Cai, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, R., Chen, Y. & Huang, B. (2025). Quantitative measurement of cement raw meal composition via spectra fusion of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy. Measurement, 253, Part D, 117865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117865
Orazimbetova, G., Turdialiev, U. & Biniyazova, L. (2023). Composition of raw mixes for portland cement clinkers using andesic basalt rock. E3S Web of Conf. Volume 452, 2023. XV International Online Conference “Improving Farming Productivity and Agroecology – Ecosystem Restoration” (IPFA 2023). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345206001
Polavaram, K.C. & Garg, N. (2023). Elucidating the Size and Shape of Individual Clinker Phases via Raman Imaging. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 127 (34), 17157–17170. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c03453
Pelletier, M.J. (2003). Quantitative Analysis Using Raman Spectrometry. Appl. Spectroscopy, 57 (1), 20A-42A. https://doi.org/10.1366/000370203321165133
Ruchita, S. & Agrawal, Y.K. (2011). Raman spectroscopy: Recent advancements, techniques and applications. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 57 (2), 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vibspec.2011.08.003
Taylor, H.F.W, (1997). Cement chemistry. 2nd ed. Heron Quay London.
Vázquez, T. (1980). Aplicaciones prácticas de la espectroscopía de absorción infrarroja en el estudio de los crudos, del clínker y del cemento portland anhidro. Mater. Construcción, 30 (179), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.1980.v30.i179.1052
Li, X., Ma, B., Ji, W., Dou, S., Zhou, H., Zhang, H. & Wang, J. (2024). Impact of Lime Saturation Factor on Alite-Ye’Elimite Cement Synthesis and Hydration. Materials, 17 (12), 3035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17123035
Zhang, Z., Huang, Z., Shi, Ch., Wu, Z., Zhang, W., Duan, P, et al. (2025). Advancement in Raman spectroscopy for characterizing cementitious materials. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 108, e20162. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.20162
Zhang, W., Luan, Z., Ren, X., Ye, J., Shi, D. & Zhang, H. (2022). Influence of alumina modulus on formation of high-magnesium clinker and morphological evolution of MgO. Cement and Concrete Research, 162, 106986. 106986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106986
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
