Optimización Estructural y Proyección de Vida Útil a la Fatiga en Puentes de Celosía Soldados para Apilamiento de Mineral: Una Aproximación Integrando Redes Neuronales de Grafos y Mecánica Fractal
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https://doi.org/10.65093/aci.v17.n1.2026.50Palabras clave:
red neuronal de grafos, mecánica fractal, fatiga estructural, puente móvilResumen
Se propone una metodología integrada de tres etapas para la evaluación predictiva y el mantenimiento proactivo de celosía soldados de tipo apilador (stacker bridges). Se ejecuta un análisis por elementos finitos (FEA) tridimensional que caracteriza los campos de desplazamiento y tensión de von Mises, identificando nodos críticos mediante un factor de escala cinemático de deformación de 908.2x. Se desarrolla un mapeo fractal de fisuras en el plano crítico, estimando la dimensión fractal Df de las trayectorias de grieta mediante el método de box-counting, lo que permite cuantificar el potencial de propagación no lineal más allá de la mecánica de fractura elástica lineal (LEFM). Finalmente, se diseña y entrena una Red Neuronal de Grafos (GNN) que asimila la malla estructural como grafo G = (V, E, Φ), donde los nodos representan las uniones físicas y las aristas las vigas estructurales, permitiendo la predicción iterativa de probabilidades de falla nodal y la proyección de vida útil remanente (RUL). Los resultados revelan un Índice de Salud Estructural (SHI) del 52.9%, identifican el nodo 253 como el de mayor probabilidad de falla (57.7%) y proyectan un riesgo inminente de falla sistémica en el horizonte de 3 a 6 meses. Se formula un plan de intervención de 60 días que incluye reemplazo de riostras, tratamiento térmico post-soldadura (PWHT) controlado de 30 minutos, y ensayos no destructivos (END) con 100% de líquidos penetrantes, alcanzando un factor de mejora de vida a la fatiga de 4x respecto a la condición as-welded.
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